👉 Rule 1
One syllable words ending in single vowel + single consonant double theconsonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Example
beg+ed= begged
sad + est = saddest
rob + er = robber
wish + ed = wished (two consonants)
fear + ing = fearing (two vowels)
👉 Rules 2
Words of two / three syllabus ending in single vowel + single consonant double the final consonant if the last syllable is stressed.
Example
begin+ ing = beginning
control + er = controller
👉 Rule 3
The consonant is not doubled if the last syllable is not stressed.
Example
Benefit + ed = benefited
Suffer+ ing suffering
Exceptions – worship+ed worshipped
Kidnap + er = kidnapper
👉 Rule 4
In British English the consonant is doubled, even if the stress does not fall on the last syllable.
Example
Quarrel + ed = quarreled
Travel + er = traveler
Exceptions - parallel + ed = paralleled
👉 Rules 5
If the word to which the suffix - full is added ends in l l, the second lis dropped.
Example
Skill+full skillful
Will + full willful
👉 Rule 6
Words ending in silent e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
Example
Live + ing living move + ed = moved
Hope + ing hoping
👉 Rule 7
The e remains before a suffix beginning with a consonant.
Example
Engage +ment = engagement
Exceptions - true + ly = truly
due + ly = duly
nine + th= ninth
awe + ful = awful
👉 Rule 8
The words ending in ce and ge which keep the e when adding able and ous.
Example
Notice + able = noticeable
Courag+ous = courageous
Peace + able = peaceable
👉 Rule 9
Words ending in ee do not drop an e before a suffix
Example
See + ing = seeing
agree + ment = agreement
👉 Rule 10
Words ending in ie change the ieto y when ing is added.
Example
Die = dying
👉 Rule 11
A final y following a consonant change to I before a suffix except - ing.
Example
Happy + ly = happily marry + age = marriage
Beauty +ful = beautiful marry + ing = marrying
Exception - carry + ing = carrying marry + ing = marrying
👉 Rule 12
But y follows a vowel does not change.
Example
Pray + ed = prayed
play + er=player
Exceptions - pay + ed = paid
say + ed = said
day + ly = daily
👉 Rule 13
When ie or ei is pronounced like ee in 'jeep' comes before e except after c.
Example
Believe receive
Relieve receipt
Achieve deceive
Yield conceive
Exceptions - seize protein surfect weird counterfeet
👉 Rule 14
1. "I" Before "E" Except After "C"
Use i before e in most words, but switch to e before i when following the letter c, or when the combination sounds like "ay" (as in neighbor or weigh).
* Standard (i before e): believe, yield, chief, thief, piece
* After C (e before i): receive, ceiling, receipt, deceit
* Sounding like "ay": weigh, freight, neighbor, vein
> Common Exceptions: weird, science, height, foreign, seize, species, leisure
👉 Rule 15
Dropping the Silent "E"
When adding a suffix to a word that ends in a silent e:
* Drop the "e" if the suffix begins with a vowel (-ing, -ed, -able, -er).
* make + ing \rightarrow making
* drive + er \rightarrow driver
* use + able \rightarrow usable
* Keep the "e" if the suffix begins with a consonant (-ful, -less, -ment, -ly).
* care + ful \rightarrow careful
* hope + less \rightarrow hopeless
* state + ment \rightarrow statement
> Exceptions: Drop 'e' before consonant in argument, truly, wisdom. Keep 'e' before vowel to preserve soft sounds in noticeable, courageous.
👉 Rule 16
The 1-1-1 Doubling Rule
Double the final consonant before adding a suffix starting with a vowel (-ing, -ed, -er, -est) if the base word meets three conditions:
* Has 1 syllable
* Contains 1 short vowel
* Ends in 1 consonant
| Base Word | Suffix | Result | Reason |
|---|---|---|---|
| run | -ing | running | 1 syllable, 1 short vowel, 1 consonant |
| stop | -ed | stopped | 1 syllable, 1 short vowel, 1 consonant |
| big | -est | biggest | 1 syllable, 1 short vowel, 1 consonant |
| help | -ing | helping | Ends in two consonants (l+p) \rightarrow do not double |
| read | -ing | reading | Has two vowels (e+a) \rightarrow do not double |
👉 Rule 17
Changing "Y" to "I"
Look at the letter immediately before the final y when adding a suffix:
* Consonant + Y: Change y to i before adding suffixes (except -ing to avoid double 'i').
* happy + ly \rightarrow happily
* carry + ed \rightarrow carried
* baby + es \rightarrow babies
* try + ing \rightarrow trying (keep 'y')
* Vowel + Y: Keep the y.
* play + ed \rightarrow played
* boy + s \rightarrow boys
* enjoy + ment \rightarrow enjoyment
👉 Rule 18
Plural Formation Rules
| Rule | Base Ending | Action | Examples |
|---|---|---|---|
| Standard | Most nouns | Add -s | cat \rightarrow cats, book \rightarrow books |
| Hissing Sounds | -s, -sh, -ch, -x, -z | Add -es | bus \rightarrow buses, watch \rightarrow watches, box \rightarrow boxes |
| F / FE Endings | -f or -fe | Change to -ves | leaf \rightarrow leaves, knife \rightarrow knives (Except: roofs, cliffs) |
| Consonant + O | -o | Usually add -es | hero \rightarrow heroes, potato \rightarrow potatoes (Except: pianos, photos) |
👉 Rule 19
Choosing Between "-able" and "-ible"
* Use -able if the root word is a complete standalone word (depend \rightarrow dependable, comfort \rightarrow comfortable).
* Use -ible if the root word is not a complete standalone English word (vis \rightarrow visible, aud \rightarrow audible, poss \rightarrow possible).
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